Temperature converters
Temperature – the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, reflecting how hot or cold it is. It is commonly measured using scales such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
Celsius (°C) – a temperature scale used to measure temperature, where 0 degrees Celsius (°C) is defined as the freezing point of water and 100 degrees Celsius is the boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.
Fahrenheit (°F) – a temperature scale where the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point is 212 degrees Fahrenheit at standard atmospheric pressure. This scale is primarily used in the United States and a few other countries for everyday temperature measurement.
Kelvin (K) – an absolute temperature scale used in scientific contexts, where 0 Kelvin (K) represents absolute zero, the point at which all thermal motion ceases. The Kelvin scale does not use degrees; instead, it increments in the same size as degrees Celsius. Water freezes at 273.15 K and boils at 373.15 K.
Rankine (°R) – an absolute temperature scale used primarily in engineering and thermodynamics. It is similar to the Kelvin scale, with the freezing point of water at 491.67 Rankine (°R) and the boiling point at 671.67 Rankine. The Rankine scale increments are equivalent to those of Fahrenheit.
Rømer (°Rø) – a temperature scale where the freezing point of water is defined as 7.5 degrees Rømer (°Rø) and the boiling point as 60 degrees Rømer. This scale was developed by Danish astronomer Ole Rømer in the late 17th century. While it has largely fallen out of use, it was one of the early temperature scales that contributed to the development of more widely adopted scales like Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Réaumur (°Ré) – a temperature scale where the freezing point of water is defined as 0 degrees Réaumur (°Re) and the boiling point as 80 degrees Réaumur. Developed by French scientist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur in the early 18th century, this scale was used in some European countries but has largely been replaced by the Celsius scale. It is less common today but still referenced in some historical contexts.
Delise (°D) – a temperature scale where the boiling point of water is defined as 0 degrees Delisle (°D) and the freezing point as 80 degrees Delisle. Developed by French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in the 18th century, this scale is unique in that it decreases as temperature increases. It is not widely used today and has largely been replaced by more common temperature scales like Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Newton (°N) – It is defined such that the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Newton and the boiling point is 100 degrees Newton. The scale is less commonly used than Celsius or Fahrenheit but can be converted to those scales for practical applications.